Changeset 6176
- Timestamp:
- 02/01/05 16:54:17 (20 years ago)
- Location:
- trunk/MagicSoft/GRB-Proposal
- Files:
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- 2 edited
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trunk/MagicSoft/GRB-Proposal/GRB_proposal_2005.tex
r6175 r6176 129 129 \bibitem{ZHANG2} HE Spectral Components in GRB Afterglows, 130 130 Zhang B., Meszaros P., Astrophys. J. 559, 110, 2001. 131 \bibitem{BELOBORODOV} Optical and GeV-TeV Flashes from GRBs, Beloborodov A., ApJ, 618, L13, 2005. 131 132 \bibitem{EGRET} Hurley K. et al., Nature, 372, 652 132 133 \bibitem{DINGUS} ESLAB29, Towards the Source of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Dingus, Ap\&SS, 231, 187, 1995. 133 \bibitem{GONZALES} A GRB with high-energy Spectral Component Inconsistent with the Synchrotron Shock Model, 134 Gonzales at al., Nature, 424, 749, 2003. 134 \bibitem{GONZALES} A GRB with high-energy Spectral Component Inconsistent with the Synchrotron Shock Model, Gonzales at al., Nature, 424, 749, 2003. 135 135 \bibitem{AMENOMORI} Search for 10 TeV burst-like events coincident with the BATSE bursts 136 136 using the TIBET Air Shower Array, Amenomori M., et al., A\&A, 311, 919, 1996. -
trunk/MagicSoft/GRB-Proposal/Introduction.tex
r6163 r6176 12 12 13 13 Very high energy (VHE) GRB observations have the potential to constrain the current GRB models 14 on both the prompt and extended phases of GRB emission~\cite{HARTMANN,MANNHEIM,SALOMON}. 15 Models based on both internal and external shocks predicts VHE fluence comparable to, 16 or in certain situations stronger than, the keV-MeV radiation, 14 on both the prompt and extended phases of GRB emission~\cite{HARTMANN,MANNHEIM,SALOMON}. 15 Models based on both internal and external shocks predicts VHE fluence comparable to, 16 or in certain situations stronger than, the keV-MeV radiation, 17 17 with duration ranging from shorter than the keV-MeV burst to extended TeV afterglows~\cite{DERMER, PILLA, ZHANG1}. 18 18 19 19 \par 20 20 21 In many publications, the possibility that more energetic $\gamma$-rays come along with the 22 (low-energy) GRB, have been explored. Proton-synchrotron emission~\cite{TOTANI} have been suggested 21 In many publications, the possibility that more energetic $\gamma$-rays come along with the 22 (low-energy) GRB, have been explored. Proton-synchrotron emission~\cite{TOTANI} have been suggested 23 23 as well as photon-pion production~\cite{WAXMAN,BAHCALL,BOETTCHER} and inverse-Compton scattering 24 24 in the burst environment~\cite{MESZAROS93,CHIANG,PILLA,ZHANG2}. 25 Long-term HE $\gamma$ emission from accelerated protons in the forward-shock has been predicted in~\cite{LI}. 26 This model predicts GeV inverse Compton emission even one day after the burst. 27 Even considering pure electron-synchrotron radiation predicts measurable GeV emission for a significant fraction of GRBs~\cite{ZHANG2}.\\ 25 Long-term HE $\gamma$ emission from accelerated protons in the forward-shock has been predicted in~\cite{LI}. This model predicts GeV inverse Compton emission even one day after the burst. 26 Even considering pure electron-synchrotron radiation predicts measurable GeV emission for a significant fraction of GRBs~\cite{ZHANG2}. In order to be able to describe prompt synchrotron optical flashes (like observed in GRB990123 by ROTSE), GeV--TeV emission by inverse Compton scattering of the MeV photons should be produced at the same time~\cite{BELOBORODOV}.\\ 28 27 29 28 GeV emission in GRBs is particularly sensitive to the Lorentz factor and the photon density of the emitting material - … … 37 36 The only significant detection was performed by \eg which detected seven GRBs emitting high energy (HE) 38 37 photons in the 100\,MeV to 18\,GeV range~\cite{EGRET}. The data shows no evidence of a HE cut-off 39 in the GRB spectrum~\cite{DINGUS}. Recent results indicate that the spectrum of some GRBs contains a very hard, 40 luminous, long-duration component~\cite{GONZALES}. 38 in the GRB spectrum~\cite{DINGUS}. Recent results indicate that the spectrum of some GRBs contains a very hard, luminous, long-duration component~\cite{GONZALES}. 41 39 There have been results suggesting gamma rays beyond the GeV range from the TIBET air shower array 42 in coincidence with BATSE bursts~\cite{AMENOMORI}, rapid follow-up observations by the 43 Whipple Air Cherenkov Telescope~\cite{CONNAUGHTON1}, and coincident and monitoring studies by HEGRA-AIROBICC~\cite{PADILLA}, 44 Whipple~\cite{CONNAUGHTON2} and the Milagro prototype Milagrito~\cite{MILAGRO}. 45 The GRAND array has reported some excess of observed muons during seven BATSE bursts~\cite{GRAND}. 46 In this context, especially the publication from the TASC detector on \eg is important~\cite{GONZALES}, 47 finding a HE spectral component presumably due to ultra-relativistic acceleration 48 of hadrons and producing a spectral index of $-1$ with no cut-off up to the detector energy limit (200\,MeV).\\ 40 in coincidence with BATSE bursts~\cite{AMENOMORI}, rapid follow-up observations by the 41 Whipple Air Cherenkov Telescope~\cite{CONNAUGHTON1}, and coincident and monitoring studies by HEGRA-AIROBICC~\cite{PADILLA}, Whipple~\cite{CONNAUGHTON2} and the Milagro prototype Milagrito~\cite{MILAGRO}. The GRAND array has reported some excess of observed muons during seven BATSE bursts~\cite{GRAND}. In this context, especially the publication from the TASC detector on \eg is important~\cite{GONZALES}, finding a HE spectral component presumably due to ultra-relativistic acceleration of hadrons and producing a spectral index of $-1$ with no cut-off up to the detector energy limit (200\,MeV).\\ 49 42 50 43 Concerning estimates about the \ma observability of GRBs, a very detailed study of GRB spectra obtained from the … … 55 48 56 49 Taking into account the local rate of GRBs estimated in~\cite{GUETTA}, late afterglow emission from few tens of GRBs per year 57 should be observable above our energy threshold. The model of~\cite{ASAF2} predict delayed GeV emission that 58 should be significantly detectable by MAGIC in 100\,seconds. 50 should be observable above our energy threshold. The model of~\cite{ASAF2} predict delayed GeV emission that should be significantly detectable by MAGIC in 100\,seconds. 59 51 60 52 \subsection{Observation of XRFs} 61 53 62 54 While the major energy from the prompt GRBs is emitted in $\gamma$-rays ($E_p \sim$ 200~keV), XRFs are characterized 63 by peak energies below 50~keV and a dominant X-ray fluence. Because of similar properties a connection between XRFs and GRBs is 55 by peak energies below 50~keV and a dominant X-ray fluence. Because of similar properties a connection between XRFs and GRBs is 64 56 suggested. The most popular theories say that XRFs are produced from GRBs observed ''off-axis''. 65 Alternatively, an increase of the baryon load within the fireball itself or low efficiency shocks can produce XRFs. 57 Alternatively, an increase of the baryon load within the fireball itself or low efficiency shocks can produce XRFs. 66 58 If there is a connection between the XRFs and GRBs, they should originate at rather low redshifts (z $<$ 0.6).\\ 67 59 68 Gamma-ray satellites react in the same way to XRFs and GRBs. In case of a detection the coordinates are distributed 60 Gamma-ray satellites react in the same way to XRFs and GRBs. In case of a detection the coordinates are distributed 69 61 to other observatories (see section 2.1). Only from later analysis the difference can be established. 70 62 … … 73 65 In this case we include also the observation of XRFs by MAGIC in our proposal. 74 66 67 \subsection{Observation of SGRs} 75 68 69 Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs) are extremely rare strong magnetic neutron stars that periodically emit $\gamma$-rays. Only four identified SGRs were discovered in the last 20 years: SGR0526-66, SGR1806-20, SGR1900+14, SGR1627-41. GRBs and SGRs can be explained with an unique processing gamma jet model observed at different beam-angle and at different ages.\\ 76 70 77 \subsection{Observation of SGRs} 78 A stronger magnetic neutron star, a so-called ``Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs)'' periodically emit gamma-ray, and are extremely rare stars. Only four identified 79 SGRs are discovered in the last 20 years: SGR0526-66, SGR1806-20, SGR1900+14, SGR1627-41. GRBs and SGRs can be explained with an unique processing gamma jet model observed at different beam-angle and at different ages.\\ 80 \par 81 The BAT instrument on the SWIFT satellite triggered on an outburst from SGR1806-20 on 30 Jan 05. The fluence is $\sim$ 1$\times$10$^{-5}$erg/cm$^2$(15-350keV). This event have five orders of magnitude smaller than the giant flare from this source on 27 Dec 04. If a giant flare from SGR occurs as SGR1806-20, MAGIC has enough sensitivity for 100 second observation time.\\ 82 \par 83 MAGIC and Gamma-ray satellites react in the same way for also SGRs. 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 71 The BAT instrument on the SWIFT satellite triggered on an outburst from SGR1806-20 on 30. January 2005. The fluence was $\sim$ 1$\times$10$^{-5}$erg/cm$^2$(15-350keV). This event was five orders of magnitude smaller than the giant flare from this source on the 27. December 2004. If a giant flare from SGR occurs as SGR1806-20, MAGIC would be able to detect the 100\,seconds delayed $\gamma$-emission from the source.
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