Index: trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/Changelog =================================================================== --- trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/Changelog (revision 6725) +++ trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/Changelog (revision 6726) @@ -1,2 +1,5 @@ + +2005/03/03 Hendrik +* text about Dark Matter, new references 2005/03/03 Sebastian Index: trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.blg =================================================================== --- trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.blg (revision 6725) +++ trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.blg (revision 6726) @@ -3,4 +3,8 @@ The style file: GC.bst Database file #1: bibbib.bib +Warning--string name "d10" is undefined +--line 222 of file bibbib.bib +Warning--string name "d69" is undefined +--line 309 of file bibbib.bib You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Aharonian2005 while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst @@ -22,43 +26,65 @@ You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry GC_hess while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Pohl1997 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry GC_black_hole +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry jung96 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Klypin2002 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Ellis1984 while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Kaluza_Klein while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry NFW1997 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Stoehr2002 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Hayashi2004 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Moore1998 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Prada2004 while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst -You've used 13 entries, +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Fornego2004 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Evans2004 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry Hooper2004 +while executing---line 1972 of file GC.bst +You've used 25 entries, 1987 wiz_defined-function locations, - 671 strings with 6871 characters, -and the built_in function-call counts, 2681 in all, are: -= -- 186 -> -- 120 + 747 strings with 8805 characters, +and the built_in function-call counts, 5316 in all, are: += -- 366 +> -- 251 < -- 0 -+ -- 43 -- -- 24 -* -- 244 -:= -- 356 -add.period$ -- 13 -call.type$ -- 13 ++ -- 89 +- -- 52 +* -- 498 +:= -- 705 +add.period$ -- 25 +call.type$ -- 25 change.case$ -- 0 chr.to.int$ -- 0 -cite$ -- 14 -duplicate$ -- 147 -empty$ -- 274 -format.name$ -- 36 -if$ -- 615 +cite$ -- 26 +duplicate$ -- 290 +empty$ -- 537 +format.name$ -- 76 +if$ -- 1220 int.to.chr$ -- 0 -int.to.str$ -- 13 -missing$ -- 12 -newline$ -- 66 -num.names$ -- 12 -pop$ -- 57 +int.to.str$ -- 25 +missing$ -- 24 +newline$ -- 126 +num.names$ -- 24 +pop$ -- 104 preamble$ -- 1 purify$ -- 0 quote$ -- 0 -skip$ -- 109 +skip$ -- 214 stack$ -- 0 -substring$ -- 124 -swap$ -- 47 +substring$ -- 246 +swap$ -- 93 text.length$ -- 0 text.prefix$ -- 0 @@ -66,6 +92,6 @@ type$ -- 0 warning$ -- 1 -while$ -- 22 -width$ -- 15 -write$ -- 117 -(There were 12 error messages) +while$ -- 45 +width$ -- 27 +write$ -- 226 +(There were 23 error messages) Index: trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.log =================================================================== --- trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.log (revision 6725) +++ trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.log (revision 6726) @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ -This is e-TeX, Version 3.14159-2.1 (Web2C 7.3.1) (format=latex 1999.10.11) 24 FEB 2005 19:06 +This is e-TeX, Version 3.14159-2.1 (Web2C 7.3.1) (format=latex 1999.10.11) 3 MAR 2005 18:09 **GC.tex (GC.tex @@ -218,37 +218,66 @@ \thm@postskip=\skip47 ) +(/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/tools/tabularx.sty +Package: tabularx 1999/01/07 v2.07 `tabularx' package (DPC) + +(/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/tools/array.sty +Package: array 1998/05/13 v2.3m Tabular extension package (FMi) +\col@sep=\dimen137 +\extrarowheight=\dimen138 +\NC@list=\toks29 +\extratabsurround=\skip48 +\backup@length=\skip49 +) +\TX@col@width=\dimen139 +\TX@old@table=\dimen140 +\TX@old@col=\dimen141 +\TX@target=\dimen142 +\TX@delta=\dimen143 +\TX@cols=\count111 +\TX@ftn=\toks30 +) +(/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/tools/hhline.sty +Package: hhline 1994/05/23 v2.03 Table rule package (DPC) +) (/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/misc/url.sty Package: url 1999/03/02 ver 1.4 Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names -) (GC.aux - -LaTeX Warning: Label `fig:GC_sources' multiply defined. - -) +) +(/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/misc/subfigure.sty +Package: subfigure 1995/03/06 v2.0 subfigure package + +Package: subfigure 1995/03/06 v2.0 +\c@subfigure=\count112 +\c@lofdepth=\count113 +\c@subtable=\count114 +\c@lotdepth=\count115 +) (GC.aux) \openout1 = `GC.aux'. -LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OML/cmm/m/it on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for T1/cmr/m/n on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OT1/cmr/m/n on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OMS/cmsy/m/n on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OMX/cmex/m/n on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for U/cmr/m/n on input line 22. -LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 22. +LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OML/cmm/m/it on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for T1/cmr/m/n on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OT1/cmr/m/n on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OMS/cmsy/m/n on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for OMX/cmex/m/n on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: Checking defaults for U/cmr/m/n on input line 24. +LaTeX Font Info: ... okay on input line 24. File: magiclogo.eps Graphic file (type eps) -LaTeX Font Info: Try loading font information for U+msa on input line 38. - (/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsa.fd +LaTeX Font Info: Try loading font information for U+msa on input line 40. + +(/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsa.fd File: umsa.fd 1995/01/05 v2.2e AMS font definitions ) -LaTeX Font Info: Try loading font information for U+msb on input line 38. +LaTeX Font Info: Try loading font information for U+msb on input line 40. + (/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsb.fd File: umsb.fd 1995/01/05 v2.2e AMS font definitions ) -LaTeX Font Info: Try loading font information for OMS+cmr on input line 52. +LaTeX Font Info: Try loading font information for OMS+cmr on input line 58. (/mnt/local/i386_linux2/tex/texmf/tex/latex/base/omscmr.fd @@ -256,5 +285,5 @@ ) LaTeX Font Info: Font shape `OMS/cmr/m/n' in size <10.95> not available -(Font) Font shape `OMS/cmsy/m/n' tried instead on input line 52. +(Font) Font shape `OMS/cmsy/m/n' tried instead on input line 58. Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] @@ -272,6 +301,6 @@ [2] -File: GC_sources.eps Graphic file (type eps) - +File: GC_sources_1.eps Graphic file (type eps) + File: sgr_figure4.eps Graphic file (type eps) @@ -289,46 +318,51 @@ [3] + +LaTeX Warning: `h' float specifier changed to `ht'. + + Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] [4] +Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] + + +[5] File: Dark_exclusion_limits.eps Graphic file (type eps) - -LaTeX Warning: `!h' float specifier changed to `!ht'. - - -Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] - - -[5] Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] [6] -Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] - - -[7] (GC.bbl -Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] - - -[8]) -Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] - - -[9] (GC.aux) - -LaTeX Warning: There were multiply-defined labels. - - ) +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 216--221 + + [] + + +Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] + + +[7] +Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] + + +[8] (GC.bbl +Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] + + +[9]) +Overfull \vbox (2.49998pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] + + +[10] (GC.aux) ) Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: - 2237 strings out of 10789 - 25316 string characters out of 71018 - 81354 words of memory out of 263001 - 5128 multiletter control sequences out of 10000+0 + 2429 strings out of 10789 + 27570 string characters out of 71018 + 85308 words of memory out of 263001 + 5313 multiletter control sequences out of 10000+0 15003 words of font info for 58 fonts, out of 400000 for 1000 14 hyphenation exceptions out of 1000 - 39i,11n,27p,734b,450s stack positions out of 300i,100n,500p,50000b,4000s - -Output written on GC.dvi (9 pages, 21588 bytes). + 39i,11n,27p,947b,451s stack positions out of 300i,100n,500p,50000b,4000s + +Output written on GC.dvi (10 pages, 29836 bytes). Index: trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.tex =================================================================== --- trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.tex (revision 6725) +++ trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.tex (revision 6726) @@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ Various possibilities for the acceleration of the very high energy gamma rays -are discussed in the literature (like...). Although the observed VHE gamma +are discussed in the literature, like accretion flow onto the central black hole, supernova shocks in Sgr A East, proton acceleration near the event horizon of the black hole, or WIMP dark matter annihilation. Although the observed VHE gamma radiation from the GC is most probably not due to SUSY-neutralino particle dark matter (DM) annihilation, other models like Kaluza-Klein dark matter are not ruled out. Moreover, assuming a universal DM distribution profile, the GC is expected to yield the largest DM flux due to its relative vicinity. @@ -106,5 +106,5 @@ -In fact, EGRET has detected a strong source in direction of the GC, 3 EG J1745-2852 \cite{GC_egret}, which has a broken power law spectrum extending up to at least 10 GeV, with the index 1.3 below the bread at a few GeV. If in the GC, the gamma ray luminosity of this source is very large $~2 \cdot 10^{37} \mathrm{erg}/\mathrm{s}$, which is equivalent to about 10 Crab pulsars. Up to now, the GC has been observed at energies above 200 GeV by Veritas, Cangaroo and HESS, \cite{GC_whipple,GC_cangaroo,GC_hess}. Figure \ref{fig:GC_gamma_flux} shows the reconstructed spectra by the other IACTs while figure \ref{fig:GC_source_location} shows the different reconstructed positions of the GC source. +In fact, EGRET has detected a strong source in direction of the GC, 3 EG J1745-2852 \cite{GC_egret}, which has a broken power law spectrum extending up to at least 10 GeV, with the index 1.3 below the bread at a few GeV. If in the GC, the gamma ray luminosity of this source is very large $~2 \cdot 10^{37} \mathrm{erg}/\mathrm{s}$, which is equivalent to about 10 Crab pulsars. Up to now, the GC has been observed at energies above 200 GeV by Veritas, Cangaroo and HESS, \cite{GC_whipple,GC_cangaroo,GC_hess}. Figure \ref{fig:GC_gamma_flux} shows the reconstructed spectra by the other IACTs while figure \ref{fig:GC_source_location} shows the different reconstructed positions of the GC source. Recently a second TeV gamma source only about 1 degree away from the Galactic Center has been discovered \cite{SNR_G09+01}. Its integral flux above 200 GeV represents about 2\% of the gamma flux from the Crab nebula. \begin{figure}[h!] @@ -138,5 +138,5 @@ \hline Investigator & Institution& E-mail & Assigned task\\ \hline - Hendrik Bartko & MPI Munich & hbartko@mppmu.mpg.de & data analysis, spectra + Hendrik Bartko & MPI Munich & hbartko@mppmu.mpg.de & data analysis, spectra, wobble mode \\ Adrian Biland & ETH Zurich & biland@particle.phys.ethz.ch & OFF pointing, Moon observations \\ Sebastian Commichau & ETH Zurich & commichau@particle.phys.ethz.ch & @@ -154,5 +154,7 @@ -High energy gamma rays can be produced in the GC in the non-thermal radio filaments by high-energy leptons which scatter background infrared photons from the nearby ionized clouds \cite{}, (cite also Aharonia, ...) or by hadrons colliding with dense matter. These high energy hadrons can be accelerated by the massive black hole \cite{GC_black_hole}, associated with the Sgr A$^*$, supernovae or an energetic pulsar. +High energy gamma rays can be produced in the GC in the non-thermal radio filaments by high-energy leptons which scatter background infrared photons from the nearby ionized clouds \cite{Pohl1997,Aharonian2005}, or by hadrons colliding with dense matter. These high energy hadrons can be accelerated by the massive black hole \cite{GC_black_hole}, associated with the Sgr A$^*$, supernovae or an energetic pulsar. Alternative mechanisms invoke the hypothetical annihilation of super-symmetric dark matter particles (for a review see \cite{jung96}) or curvature radiation of protons in the vicinity of the central supermassive black hole \cite{}. + + In order to shed new light on the high energy phenomena in the GC region, and constrain the models mentioned above, new observations with high sensitivity, good spectra reconstruction and angular resolution are necessary. @@ -177,14 +179,23 @@ \subsection{Dark Matter} - -something about DM. Kaluza-Klein \cite{Kaluza_Klein}. - -adiabatic compression: \cite{Prada2004} - - -Motivation for Dark Matter searches (cosmology). - -Neutralino as DM particle. Production of gamma radiation from neutralino annihilation. - + + +The presence of a Dark Matter halo of the Galaxy is well established by stellar dynamics \cite{Klypin2002}. At present, the nature of Dark Matter is unknown, but a number of viable candidates have been advocated within different theoretical frameworks mainly motivated by particle physics (for a review see \cite{jung96}) including the widely studied models of supersymmetric (SUSY) Dark Matter \cite{Ellis1984}. Also models involving extra dimensions are discussed like Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter \cite{Kaluza_Klein}. + +The supersymmetric particle dark matter candidates might self-annihilate into boson or fermion pairs yielding very high energy gammas in subsequent decays and from hadronisation. The gamma flux above an energy threshold per solid angle is given by: + +\begin{equation*} +\frac{\text{d} N_{\gamma}(E_{\gamma}>E_{\mathrm{thresh}})}{\text{d}t\ \text{d}A\ \text{d}\Omega }= N_{\gamma}(E_{\gamma}>E_{\mathrm{thresh}}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\langle \sigma v \rangle}{4 \pi m_{\chi}^2} \cdot \int_{\text{los}}\rho_{\chi}^2(\vec{r}(s,\Omega)) \text{d}s \ , +\end{equation*} + + +where ... is ... . The flux prediction depends on the choise of SUSY paramters and the spatial distribution of the dark matter. The spectra of the produced gamma radiation has a very characteristic feature a sharp cut-off at the mass of the dark matter particle. Also the flux should be absolutely stable in time. + +Numerical simulations of cold dark matter \cite{NFW1997,Stoehr2002,Hayashi2004,Moore1998} predict universal DM halo profiles with density enhancement in the center of the dark halos. In the very center the dark matter density can even more enhanced through an adiabatic compression due to the baryons \cite{Prada2004}. All dark matter distributions that predict observable fluxes are very cusped yielding a point-like source. + +Using fits of these dark matter profiles to the rotation data of the milky way predictions for the gamma flux from SUSY particle dark matter annihilation can be made \cite{Fornego2004,Evans2004}. + +Figure \ref{fig:exclusion_lmits} shows exclusion limits taking the sensitivity of MAGIC from MC simulations into account. Due to its relative vicinity the Galactic Center yield the largest expected flux from particle dark matter annihilation. Nevertheless this flux is more than one order of magnitude below the current MAGIC sensitivity. Also the observed flux from the HESS experiment way above the theoretical expection. + \begin{figure}[h!] @@ -192,6 +203,11 @@ \includegraphics[totalheight=6cm]{Dark_exclusion_limits.eps} \end{center} -\caption[DM exclusion limits.]{Exclusion limits for different possible sources of dark matter annihilation radiation. The galactic center is expected to give the largest flux from all sources. Due to the possible flux con} \label{fig:GC_sources} +\caption[DM exclusion limits.]{Exclusion limits for different possible sources of dark matter annihilation radiation. The galactic center is expected to give the largest flux from all sources. Due to the possible flux con} \label{fig:exclusion_lmits} \end{figure} + + +Detailed discussion of the observed gamma flux from the Galactic Center can be found in \cite{Hooper2004,Horns2004}. The observed spectrum extends to more than 18 TeV, well beyond the favoured mass region of the lightest SUSY particle, and the observed flux is larger than the theoretical expection in most models. This leads to the conclusion that most likely the dominating part of the observed gamma flux from the Galactic Center is not due to SUSY particle Dark Matter annihilation. Other dark matter scenarios like Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter can not be excluded. + + \newpage Index: trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.toc =================================================================== --- trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.toc (revision 6725) +++ trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/GC.toc (revision 6726) @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ \select@language {english} \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{3} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Investigators and Affiliations}{5} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Investigators and Affiliations}{4} \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Scientific Case}{5} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Leptonic Models}{5} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Hadronic Models}{5} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Dark Matter}{5} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Preparatory Work}{5} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Feasibility}{6} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Observational Constraints}{7} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Requested Observation Time}{7} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Outlook and Conclusions}{8} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A}Acknowledgements}{8} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Preparatory Work}{7} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Feasibility}{7} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Observational Constraints}{8} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Requested Observation Time}{8} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Outlook and Conclusions}{9} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A}Acknowledgements}{9} Index: trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/bibbib.bib =================================================================== --- trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/bibbib.bib (revision 6725) +++ trunk/MagicSoft/GC-Proposal/bibbib.bib (revision 6726) @@ -1,2 +1,48 @@ +@Article{Ellis1984, + author = "Ellis, John R. and Hagelin, J. S. and Nanopoulos, D. V. and + Olive, Keith A. and Srednicki, M.", + title = "Supersymmetric relics from the big bang", + journal = "Nucl. Phys.", + volume = "B238", + year = "1984", + pages = "453-476", + SLACcitation = "%%CITATION = NUPHA,B238,453;%%" +} + +@ARTICLE{Klypin2002, + author = {{Klypin}, A. and {Zhao}, H. and {Somerville}, R.~S.}, + title = "{{$\Lambda$}CDM-based Models for the Milky Way and M31. I. Dynamical Models}", + journal = "ApJ", + year = 2002, + month = jul, + volume = 573, + pages = {597-613}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002ApJ...573..597K&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Pohl1997, + author = {{Pohl}, M.}, + title = "{The galactic center arc as source of high energy {$\gamma$}-rays.}", + journal = "A\&A", + year = 1997, + month = jan, + volume = 317, + pages = {441-447}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997A%26A...317..441P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@Article{SNR_G09+01, + author = "Aharonian, F. and others", + collaboration = "The H.E.S.S.", + title = "Very high energy gamma rays from the composite SNR + G0.9+0.1", + year = "2005", + eprint = "astro-ph/0501265", + SLACcitation = "%%CITATION = ASTRO-PH 0501265;%%" +} + + @manual{MC-Camera, author = "Blanch,O. and Moralejo,A.",