Changeset 824 for trunk


Ignore:
Timestamp:
05/31/01 11:27:42 (23 years ago)
Author:
harald
Message:
conclusion finished as first version.
Location:
trunk/ICRC_01
Files:
2 edited

Legend:

Unmodified
Added
Removed
  • trunk/ICRC_01/collarea.eps

    r815 r824  
    33%%Title:
    44%%Creator: ROOT Version2.25/03
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     5%%CreationDate:Thu May 31 10:50:16 2001
    66%%EndComments
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    215  [] 0 sd 3 lw black 886 1044 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 939 1044 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 928 1044 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 969 1132 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1022 1132 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1010 1132 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw
    216  black 1051 1212 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1104 1212 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1093 1212 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1134 1253 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1186 1253 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1175 1253 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1216
    217  1281 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1269 1281 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1258 1281 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1299 1297 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1351 1297 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1340 1297 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1381 1310 m 30 X s
    218  [] 0 sd 3 lw 1434 1310 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1422 1310 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1464 1315 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1516 1315 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1505 1315 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1546 1325 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw
    219  1599 1325 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1587 1325 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1629 1321 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1681 1321 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1670 1321 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1752 1306 m 10 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1752 1339 m 7
    220  Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1711 1327 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1764 1327 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1752 1327 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1835 1285 m 36 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1835 1344 m 24 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1794 1332 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1846 1332 m 30 X s
    221  [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1835 1332 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1917 1244 m 73 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1917 1340 m 42 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1876 1329 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1929 1329 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1917 1329 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black
    222  2000 1200 m 113 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2000 1335 m 55 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1958 1324 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2011 1324 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 2000 1324 m25 [] 0 sd 3 lw
    223  gsave  1291 672
     190 gsave  1555 880
     191 t 0 r 0 0 m /Helvetica-Bold findfont 32 sf 0 0 m (Thr) show  gr
     192 gsave  1496 897
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     197 t 0 r 0 0 m /Helvetica-Bold findfont 44 sf 0 0 m ( = 0) show  gr
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     200 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 377 387 m 4 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 334 375 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 388 375 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c /w 26 def /w2 {w 2 div} def /w3 {w 3 div} def 377 375 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 463 216 m 76 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 463 314 m 35 Y
     201 s [] 0 sd 3 lw 420 303 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 474 303 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 463 303 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 506 613 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 560 613 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 549 613 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 592 740 m
     202 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 646 740 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 635 740 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 678 884 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 732 884 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 721 884 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 764 986 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 818
     203 986 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 807 986 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 850 1091 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 904 1091 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 893 1091 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 936 1185 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 990 1185 m 32 X s [] 0 sd
     204 3 lw 0 1 0 c 979 1185 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1022 1271 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1076 1271 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1065 1271 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1108 1331 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1162 1331 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c
     205 1151 1331 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1194 1386 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1248 1386 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1237 1386 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1280 1414 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1334 1414 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1323 1414 m23
     206 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1366 1434 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1420 1434 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1409 1434 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1452 1445 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1506 1445 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1495 1445 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw
     207 [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1538 1454 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1592 1454 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1581 1454 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1624 1457 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1678 1457 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1667 1457 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw
     208 black 1710 1464 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1764 1464 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1753 1464 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1796 1461 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1850 1461 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1839 1461 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1925
     209 1451 m 3 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1925 1477 m 2 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1882 1466 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1936 1466 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 1925 1466 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 2011 1436 m 21 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2011 1480 m 13 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1968 1469
     210 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2022 1469 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 2011 1469 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 2097 1408 m 47 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2097 1478 m 25 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2054 1466 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2108 1466 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 0 c 2097
     211 1466 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw
     212 gsave  1604 838
    224213 t 0 r 0 0 m /Helvetica-Bold findfont 44 sf 0 0 m ( = 5 mV\040) show  gr
    225  gsave  1242 655
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    234  t 0 r 0 0 m /Symbol findfont 44 sf 0 0 m (Q) show  gr  black [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 1 1 c 0 1 1 c [] 0 sd 3 lw black 392 163 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 444 163 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 433 163 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 474 163 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3
    235  lw 527 163 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 515 163 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 557 314 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 609 314 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 598 314 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 639 458 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 692 458 m 30 X s
    236  [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 680 458 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 722 638 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 774 638 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 763 638 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 804 794 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 857 794 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 845
    237  794 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 886 945 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 939 945 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 928 945 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 969 1059 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1022 1059 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1010 1059 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw
    238  [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1051 1159 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1104 1159 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1093 1159 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1134 1218 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1186 1218 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1175 1218 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw
    239  black 1216 1265 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1269 1265 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1258 1265 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1299 1285 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1351 1285 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1340 1285 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1381
    240  1301 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1434 1301 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1422 1301 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1464 1307 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1516 1307 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1505 1307 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1546 1317 m 30 X s
    241  [] 0 sd 3 lw 1599 1317 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1587 1317 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1629 1317 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1681 1317 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1670 1317 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1752 1300 m 11 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw
    242  1752 1334 m 8 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1711 1322 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1764 1322 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1752 1322 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1835 1281 m 37 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1835 1341 m 25 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1794 1329 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1846
    243  1329 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1835 1329 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1917 1233 m 78 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1917 1334 m 44 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1876 1323 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1929 1323 m 29 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 1917 1323 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw
    244  [] 0 sd 3 lw black 2000 1187 m 120 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2000 1330 m 57 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1958 1318 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2011 1318 m 30 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 0 1 1 c 2000 1318 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw
    245  gsave  1291 590
     214 gsave  1555 820
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     223 t 0 r 0 0 m /Symbol findfont 44 sf 0 0 m (Q) show  gr  black [] 0 sd 3 lw 0.95 0.95 0.95 c 0 1 0 c [] 0 sd 3 lw /w 29 def /w2 {w 2 div} def /w3 {w 3 div} def 1280 847 m23 [] 0 sd 3 lw black [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 1 1 c 1 0 1 c [] 0 sd 3 lw black 549 422 m
     224 16 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 549 461 m 10 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 506 449 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 560 449 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c /w 26 def /w2 {w 2 div} def /w3 {w 3 div} def 549 449 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 635 574 m 1 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 592 586 m 31
     225 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 646 586 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 635 586 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 678 769 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 732 769 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 721 769 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 764 868 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 818 868
     226 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 807 868 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 850 992 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 904 992 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 893 992 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 936 1099 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 990 1099 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1
     227 0 1 c 979 1099 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1022 1203 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1076 1203 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1065 1203 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1108 1281 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1162 1281 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1151
     228 1281 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1194 1349 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1248 1349 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1237 1349 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1280 1390 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1334 1390 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1323 1390 m29
     229 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1366 1423 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1420 1423 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1409 1423 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1452 1436 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1506 1436 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1495 1436 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw
     230 [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1538 1447 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1592 1447 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1581 1447 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1624 1451 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1678 1451 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1667 1451 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw
     231 black 1710 1458 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1764 1458 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1753 1458 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1796 1458 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1850 1458 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1839 1458 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 1925
     232 1446 m 5 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1925 1473 m 2 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1882 1462 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1936 1462 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 1925 1462 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 2011 1433 m 22 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2011 1478 m 14 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1968 1467
     233 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2022 1467 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 2011 1467 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw [] 0 sd 3 lw black 2097 1401 m 50 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2097 1474 m 26 Y s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2054 1462 m 31 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 2108 1462 m 32 X s [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 0 1 c 2097
     234 1462 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw
     235 gsave  1604 781
    246236 t 0 r 0 0 m /Helvetica-Bold findfont 44 sf 0 0 m ( = 6 mV\040) show  gr
    247  gsave  1242 573
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    249  gsave  1182 590
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    253  gsave  1085 590
    254  t 0 r 0 0 m /Helvetica-Bold findfont 44 sf 0 0 m ( = 0) show  gr
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    256  t 0 r 0 0 m /Symbol findfont 44 sf 0 0 m (Q) show  gr  1 1 0 c
     237 gsave  1555 764
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     245 gsave  1365 781
     246 t 0 r 0 0 m /Symbol findfont 44 sf 0 0 m (Q) show  gr  black [] 0 sd 3 lw 0.95 0.95 0.95 c 1 0 1 c [] 0 sd 3 lw /w 29 def /w2 {w 2 div} def /w3 {w 3 div} def 1280 788 m29 [] 0 sd 3 lw 1 1 0 c
    257247 gr  gr
    258248showpage
  • trunk/ICRC_01/mccontrib.tex

    r823 r824  
    1717\author[3]{H. Kornmayer}
    1818\affil[3]{Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, M\"unchen, Germany}
    19 \correspondence{H. Kornmayer (h.kornmayer@web.de)}
     19\author[]{the MAGIC collaboration}
     20
     21\correspondence{O.Blanch blanch@ifae.es), H. Kornmayer (h.kornmayer@web.de)}
     22\affil[ ]{ }
     23\affil[ ]{\large (for the MAGIC Collaboration)}
     24
     25
    2026
    2127\firstpage{1}
     
    5561different trigger levels.
    5662
    57 The primary goal of the trigger system is the selction of showers,
     63The primary goal of the trigger system is the selction of showers.
    5864For a better understanding of the MAGIC telescope and its different
    5965systems (trigger, FADC) a detailed Monte Carlo (MC) study is
    60 neccessary. Such an study has to take into account the simulation
     66neccessary. Such a study has to take into account the simulation
    6167of the air showers, the effect of absorption in the atmosphere, the
    6268behaviour of the PMTs and the response of the trigger and FADC
     
    8995\subsection{Air shower simulation}
    9096
    91 The simulation of gammas and of hadrons is done with
     97The simulation of gamma and of hadron showers in the
     98atmosphere is done with
    9299the CORSIKA program, version 5.20.
    93 For the simulation of had\-ro\-nic
    94 showers we use the VENUS model. We simulate showers
     100As the had\-ro\-nic interaction model 
     101we use the VENUS model.
     102We simulate showers
    95103for different zenith angles
    96 ($\Theta = 0^\circ, 5^\circ, 10^\circ, 15^\circ,
    97 20^\circ, 25^\circ $) at fixed azimuth angel $\Phi$.
     104($\Theta = 0^\circ, 5^\circ$, $ 10^\circ, 15^\circ,
     10520^\circ, 25^\circ $) at fixed azimuthal angle $\Phi$.
    98106Gammas are assumed to originate from point sources
    99 in the direction ($\Theta,\Phi$)
     107in the direction ($\Theta$,$\Phi$)
    100108whereas the hadrons are simulated isotropically
    101 around the given ($\Theta,\Phi$) direction.
     109around the given ($\Theta$,$\Phi$) direction in a
     110region of the solid angle corresponding to the FOV
     111of the camera.
    102112The trigger probability for hadronic showers with
    103 a big impact parameter $I$ is not Englisch negligible.
     113a large impact parameter $I$ is not negligible.
    104114Therefore we
    105115simulate hadrons with $I < 400~\mathrm{m}$ and gammas
     
    116126    zenith angle & gammas & protons \\
    117127    \hline \hline
    118         $\Theta = 0^\circ$  &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ \\
    119         $\Theta = 5^\circ$  &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ & $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$  \\
    120         $\Theta = 10^\circ$ &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ & $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$  \\
     128        $\Theta = 0^\circ$  &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ &  $\approx 1 \cdot 10^6$ \\
     129        $\Theta = 5^\circ$  &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ & $\approx 1 \cdot 10^6$  \\
     130        $\Theta = 10^\circ$ &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^5$ & $\approx 1 \cdot 10^6$  \\
    121131        $\Theta = 15^\circ$ &  $\approx 2 \cdot 10^6$    &  $\approx 5 \cdot 10^6$  \\
    122132        $\Theta = 20^\circ$ &  production   &  production  \\
     
    125135  \end{tabular}
    126136\end{center}
    127 \caption {Number of generated showers}
     137\caption {Number of generated showers.}
    128138\label{tab_showers}
    129139\end{table}
     
    132142%
    133143For each simulated shower all
    134 Cherenkov photons hitting a horizontal plane at observation level
     144Cherenkov photons hitting a horizontal plane at the
     145observation level
    135146close to the telescope position are stored.
    136147
     
    141152First the absorption in the atmosphere is taken into
    142153account.
    143 By knowing the height of production and the
    144 wavelength of each Cherenkov photon the effect of Rayleigh
    145 and Mie scattering is calculated.
     154Using the height of production and the
     155wavelength of each Cherenkov photon the effects of Rayleigh
     156and Mie scattering are calculated.
    146157Next the reflection at the mirrors is simulated. 
    147 We assume a reflectivity of the mirrors of around 90\%.
    148 Each Cherenkov photon hitting one mirror is propagated
     158We assume a reflectivity of the mirrors of around 85\%.
     159Each Cherenkov photon hitting a mirror is propagated
    149160to the camera plane of the telescope. This procedure
    150 depends on the orientation of the telescope to the
    151 shower axis.
     161depends on the orientation of the telescope relative
     162to the shower axis.
    152163All Cherenkov photons reaching the camera plane will be
    153164kept for the next simulation step.
     
    181192a given width in time.
    182193The amplitude of the response function is chosen randomly
    183 according to the distribution of figure \ref{fig_ampl}
     194according to the distribution shown in figure \ref{fig_ampl}
    184195(\cite{ml97}).
    185196 
    186197By superimposing all photons of one pixel and by taking
    187198the arrival times into account the response
    188 of the trigger and FADC system for that pixel is generated
     199of the trigger and FADC system for that pixel is computed
    189200(see also figure \ref{fig_starresp}).
    190201This is done for all pixels in the camera.
     
    192203The simulation of the trigger electronic starts by checking
    193204whether the generated analog signal exceeds the discriminator
    194 level.
     205threshold.
    195206In that case a digital output
    196 signal of a given length (We use in that study a gate length of 6
    197 nsec.)
     207signal of a given length (6 nsec.)
    198208for that pixels is generated.
    199209By checking next neighbour conditions (NN) at a given time
    200210the first level trigger is simulated.
    201 If a given NN condition (Multiplicity, Topology, ...)
     211If a given NN condition (multiplicity, topology, ...)
    202212is fullfilled, a first level trigger signal is generated and
    203213the
     
    220230\subsection{Starlight simulation}
    221231
    222 Due to the big mirror area MAGIC will be sensitive up to
    223 $10^m$ stars.
     232Due to the big mirror area MAGIC will be sensitive to stars up to a
     233magnitude of 10.
    224234These stars will contribute locally to the noise in the
    225235camera and have to be taken into account.
    226 We developed a program that allows us
     236We developed a program that allows
    227237to simulate the star light together with the generated showers.
    228238This program considers all stars in the field of view of the camera
     
    283293on a pattern-recognition method.
    284294This part is still in the design phase.
    285 All results presented here are based on studies of the
    286 first-level-trigger. If not mentioned somewhere else,
     295All results presented here refer to the
     296first-level-trigger. If not stated explicitly otherwise,
    287297the MC data are produced with "standard"
    288298values (discriminator threshold = 4 mV, gate length = 6 nsec,
     
    300310\end{equation}
    301311where T is the trigger probablity. F is a plane perpendicular
    302  to the shower axis.
    303 The results for different zenith angle $\Theta$ and
     312 to the telescope axis.
     313The results for different zenith angles $\Theta$ and
    304314for different discriminator thresholds are shown in figure
    305315\ref{fig_collarea}.
     
    320330%
    321331%
    322 increasing diskriminator threshold.
     332increasing discriminator threshold.
    323333 
    324334
    325 \subsubsection{Threshold of MAGIC telescope}
     335\subsubsection{Energy threshold}
    326336
    327337The threshold of the MAGIC telesope is defined as the peak
    328338in the $dN/dE$ distribution for triggered showers.
    329 For all different trigger settings
    330 this value is determined. The energy threshold could
     339This value is determined
     340for all different trigger settings.
     341The energy threshold could
    331342depend among other variables on the background conditions,
    332343the threshold of the trigger discriminator and the zenith angle. We
    333 check the influence of these three variables.
     344check the dependence on these three variables.
    334345
    335346For both, gammas and protons, some different background conditions
     
    351362 \includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{enerthres.eps} % .eps for Latex,
    352363                                            % pdfLatex allows .pdf, .jpg, .png and .tif
    353  \caption{On the left upper plot the Energy Threshold for diffrent zenith angles is plotted while on the left bottom plot the Energy Threshold is plotted for several values of the trigger discriminator threshold. On the right plot a characteristic fit for $dN/dE$ is shown (for showers at $10^\circ$ with discriminator at 4 mV and diffuse NSB of 0.09 photo electrons per ns and pixel)}
     364 \caption{On the left upper plot the energy threshold for diffrent
     365 zenith angles is plotted while on the left bottom plot the energy
     366threshold is plotted for several values of the trigger discriminator
     367threshold. On the right plot a characteristic fit for $dN/dE$ is shown
     368(for showers at $10^\circ$ with discriminator at 4 mV and diffuse NSB
     369of 0.09 photo electrons per ns and pixel)}
    354370 \label{fig_enerthres}
    355371\end{figure}
    356372
    357373If one lowers the threshold of the trigger discriminator, then less
    358 photons in the camera plane are needed to trigger the Telescope.
    359 And it helps the low energy showers to fulfil the required trigger
     374photons in the camera plane are needed to trigger the telescope,
     375and it helps the low energy showers to fulfil the required trigger
    360376conditions.
    361377In figure  \ref{fig_enerthres} one can see that the threshold
    362 energy decreases when lowering the discriminator.
     378energy decreases when lowering the discriminator threshold.
    363379It is 29 GeV for 3 mV and 105 GeV  for 7 mV.
    364380Since we are aiming for a low energy threshold,
    365381a low discriminator value is  preferred.
    366382However, for 3 mV the expected rate due to protons increases a
    367 lot (see section ~\ref{sec-rates}), while it keeps under control at 4 mV.
    368 Therefore, the threshold of the discriminator would be kept around 
    369 4 mV, which yields an energy threshold of 45 GeV.
     383lot (see section ~\ref{sec-rates}), while it is kept
     384under control at 4 mV.
     385Therefore, the threshold of the discriminator should be kept
     386around 4 mV, which yields an energy threshold of 45 GeV.
    370387
    371388\subsubsection{Expected rates}\label{sec-rates}
    372389
    373 Using the monte carlo data sample, it is possible to estimate
    374 the expected rates from proton showers and background light.
     390Using the Monte Carlo data sample, it is possible to estimate
     391the expected rates for proton showers  taking into account the
     392background light.
    375393
    376394The numbers quoted in this section are calcuated for a zenith angle
    377 $\Theta = 10^o$. Same studies have been done for $\Theta =0^o$ and
    378 for $\Theta = 15^o$ and we got similar results.
     395of $10^\circ$.
     396The results for $0^o$ and $15^o$ were found to be similar.
    379397We estimated the rate for the first level trigger
    380398with the "standard" trigger conditions. 
    381399The first level trigger rate due to proton showers without any
    382400background is $143 \pm 11~\mathrm{Hz}$.
    383 This rate would increase due to other hadron showers (He, Li, ...) which
    384 we have not simulated yet. About 25 \% larger rate is expected due mainly
    385 to He.
     401This rate will increase by $\approx 25$\% if heavier nuclei (He,
     402Li,...) are included.
     403
    386404
    387405However, to get a more reliable rate one must take into account
    388 a realistic background situation. We take for the diffuse part of the
    389 night sky background a value of 0.09 photo electrons per ns
    390 \citep{ml94}
    391 and use the star field around the Crab nebula.
    392 Under this more realistic conditions the first level trigger
     406a realistic background situation.
     407From the total mirror area, the integration time, the FOV of a pixel
     408and the QE of the PMTs one obtains a value of 0.09 photo electrons per
     409ns and pixel \citep{ml94} due to the diffuse night sky background.
     410Added to this are the contributions from the star field around the
     411Crab nebula.
     412Under these more realistic conditions the first level trigger
    393413background rate (protons and light of night sky) is $396 \pm 88$ Hz.
    394414
    395 The dependence of the first level trigger rate from the discriminator
     415The dependence of the first level trigger rate on the discriminator
    396416threshold is shown in figure \ref{fig_rates}. 
    397417The trigger rate decreases
    398418with increasing discriminator threshold as expected.
    399419The rate for the discriminator threshold of 3 mV is more than 100
    400 times larger than for the other values.
     420times larger than that for higher thresholds.
    401421\begin{figure}[hb]
    402422 \vspace*{2.0mm} % just in case for shifting the figure slightly down
     
    407427\end{figure}
    408428
    409 These results show that the MAGIC telesope will use a disriminator
     429The MAGIC telesope will use a disriminator
    410430threshold of about 4 mV. This value corresponds to a threshold of
    411431about 8 photo electrons.
    412432
    413 It has to be mentioned here, that all the results here are based on
    414 the first level trigger. There is a big potiential to optimize the
    415 settings here. I.e. the background rate can be reduced by
     433It has to be stressed, that these results are based on
     434the first level trigger. There is a big potential in optimizing the
     435settings. I.e. the background rate can be reduced by
    416436increasing the discriminator threshold for a few dedicated pixels,
    417437that have a star in their field of view. Studies in this direction are
     
    421441
    422442We presented the actual status of Monte Carlo simulation for the MAGIC
    423 telescope.
     443telescope. The first level trigger rate for the background is for a
     444discriminator threshold of 4~mV well below the maximal trigger rate
     445(1000 Hz) that the MAGIC daq system will be able to handle.
     446For these standard settings the energy threshold is around 45 GeV.
     447There is a potential in optimizing the trigger system and studies in
     448this direction are ongoing. Also the development of the
     449second-level-trigger is in progress. This should allow to lower the
     450threshold.
     451The MAGIC collaboration is presently simulating air showers with
     452higher zenith angles.
     453The newest results will be presented on
     454the conference.
    424455
    425456
    426457\begin{acknowledgements}
    427 The authors thanks all the members of the MAGIC collaboration
    428 for their support in production of the big amount of simulated data.
     458The authors thanks all the "simulators" of the MAGIC collaboration
     459for their support in the production of the big amount of Monte Carlo
     460data. The support of MAGIC by the BMBF (Germany) and the CYCIT (Spain)
     461is acknowledged.
     462
     463
    429464\end{acknowledgements}
    430465
     
    438473\begin{thebibliography}{99}
    439474
    440 \bibitem[(MAGIC Collaboration 1998)]{mc98}
     475\bibitem[(MAGIC 1998)]{mc98}
    441476MAGIC Collaboration, "The MAGIC Telescope, Design Study for
    442477the Construction of a 17m Cherenkov Telescope for Gamma
     
    457492\end{document}
    458493
    459 
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